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  There are numerous ailments that can afflict the human body, ranging from carsickness to colds to cancer. The earliest physicians thought that illness and disease were a sign of God's anger or the work of evil spirits. Hippocrates and Galen advanced the concept of humorism, a theory which held that we get sick from imbalances of the four basic substances within the human body, which they identified as blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile. Paracelsus, a Renaissance-era physician, was one of the first to posit that sickness comes from outside sources, rather than from within. Today, we know that there are two major kinds of diseases: infectious and non-infectious. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. These pathogens can enter the body through the air we breathe, the food and drink we consume or through openings in the skin, such as cuts. As an example, think of a person who has a cold. That person may cough into his o...

 Everyone who has ever held a job has, at some point, felt the pressure of work-related stress. Any job can have stressful elements, even if you love what you do. In the short-term, you may experience pressure to meet a deadline or to fulfill a challenging obligation. But when work stress becomes chronic, it can be overwhelming—and harmful to both physical and emotional health. Unfortunately, such long-term stress is all too common. In fact, APA’s annual Stress in America survey has consistently found that work is cited as a significant source of stress by a majority of Americans. You can’t always avoid the tensions that occur on the job. Yet you can take steps to manage work-related stress. Common Sources of Work Stress Certain factors tend to go hand-in-hand with work-related stress. Some common workplace stressors are: Low salaries. Excessive workloads. Few opportunities for growth or advancement. Work that isn’t engaging or challenging. Lack of social support. Not having enough...

 Overview Back pain is one of the most common reasons people go to the doctor or miss work, and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Fortunately, you can take measures to prevent or relieve most back pain episodes. If prevention fails, simple home treatment and proper body mechanics often will heal your back within a few weeks and keep it functional. Surgery is rarely needed to treat back pain. Symptoms Back pain can range from a muscle aching to a shooting, burning or stabbing sensation. In addition, the pain may radiate down your leg or worsen with bending, twisting, lifting, standing or walking. When to see a doctor Most back pain gradually improves with home treatment and self-care, usually within a few weeks. Contact your doctor if your back pain: Persists past a few weeks Is severe and doesn't improve with rest Spreads down one or both legs, especially if the pain extends below the knee Causes weakness, numbness or tingling in one or both legs Is accompanied by unex...

 You’re swamped with a huge project when your boss suddenly asks you to complete another urgent assignment that’s due tomorrow. Your heart’s beating a mile a minute, and you’re wondering how you’re going to get this all done. But, somehow, you’re going to try to make it work. Too much stress will overwhelm you, but too little stress leaves you bored and unmotivated. The right amount of stress motivates you to succeed instead of making you crack under pressure. Your tendency to thrive or choke under pressure is ultimately based on the Yerkes-Dodson Law: Moderate stress up to a certain point can actually improve your performance. But beyond that point, your performance suffers. Stress management is built into your brain’s chemistry. Here’s the science behind your body’s stress levels, so you can maximize your productivity. Stress and Performance Imagine that you’re focused on sending a few quick emails before you head out for lunch. You’re able to zone out of your surroundings until ...